List of countries, nations and states governed or ruled by a constitutional monarchy, sorted alphabetically. - Is the presidency powerful in China? He holds a PhD in education and has published over 20 articles in scholarly journals. . Rule generally alternates between two branches of the dynasty, although there have been occasional diversions from this pattern due to backroom political deals. Countries Ruled by Constitutional Monarchy, Andorra, officially the Principality of Andorra, also called the Principality of the Valleys of Andorra, is a sovereign landlocked microstate in Southwestern Europe, located in the eastern Pyrenees, Aruba is an island in the southern Caribbean Sea, located about 1,600 kilometres west of the Lesser Antilles and 29 kilometres north of the coast of Venezuela. Morocco has slowly been moving toward democratic status over recent decades, although the king maintains control over appointing a prime minister, directing the military, and directing foreign affairs. Constitutional monarchies have a monarch as the head of state but also a constitution in which power is granted to a representative body. A combined head of state and head of government (usually titled president) is elected by the legislature but is immune from a vote of no confidence (as is their cabinet), thus acting more independently from the legislature. Italics indicate states with limited recognition. Constitutional monarchs do not directly rule. About The Helpful Professor Only a few monarchies (most notably Japan and Sweden) have amended their constitutions so that the monarch is no longer even the nominal chief executive. The present-day concept of a constitutional monarchy developed in the United Kingdom, where the democratically elected parliaments, and their leader, the prime minister, exercise power, with the monarchs having ceded power and remaining as a titular position. It became a constitutional monarchy in 1831, when it gained its independence from the Netherlands. Who was the first constitutional monarchy? Republic - a representative democracy in which the people's elected deputies (representatives), not the people themselves, vote on legislation. For instance, the monarch of the United Kingdom can theoretically exercise an absolute veto over legislation by withholding royal assent. Many constitutional monarchies still retain significant authorities or political influence, however, such as through certain reserve powers, and may also play an important political role. Belarus, Gabon and Kazakhstan, where the prime minister is effectively the head of government and the president the head of state, are exceptions. (See Bhumibol's role in Thai Politics.) While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Totalitarian - a government that seeks to subordinate the individual to the state by controlling not only all political and economic matters, but also the attitudes, values, and beliefs of its population. a. Indonesia, as a presidential republic, has two special regions with monarchies as heads of the regions. The Bahamas gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1973 and became a constitutional monarchy. The president is elected by parliament and holds a parliamentary seat, much like a prime minister, but is immune from a vote of no confidence (but not their cabinet), unlike a prime minister. Parliamentary monarchy - a state headed by a monarch who is not actively involved in policy formation or implementation (i.e., the exercise of sovereign powers by a monarch in a ceremonial capacity); true governmental leadership is carried out by a cabinet and its head - a prime minister, premier, or chancellor - who are drawn from a legislature (parliament). The figurehead monarch remains to be Queen Elizabeth II, and she appoints the governor-general, who is the head of state. Other monarchies are Bahrain, Belgium, Bhutan, Darussalam, Cambodia, Denmark, Jordan, Kuwait, Lesotho, Principality of Liechtenstein, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, Malaysia, Principality of Monaco, Morocco, Netherlands, Norway, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Spain, Swaziland, Sweden, Thailand, Tonga, UAE, and Vatican City State. Monaco is a hereditary constitutional monarchy led by Prince Albert II. This is a list of sovereign states by system of government. In 1839, she became the last sovereign to keep a prime minister in power against the will of Parliament when the Bedchamber crisis resulted in the retention of Lord Melbourne's administration. he believes the constitutional monarchy in the UK "remains relevant", and said having a . The colour-coding also appears on the following map, representing the same government categories. In addition to acting as a visible symbol of national unity, a constitutional monarch may hold formal powers such as dissolving parliament or giving royal assent to legislation. Saint Lucia is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. An absolute monarchy is one where the monarch has unchecked power. All countries compared for Government > Constitutional form Government > Constitutional form: Countries Compared Home Country Info Stats Government Constitutional form DEFINITION: Constitutional form of government. "This collaboration is a good start to getting everyone involved in the electoral process. Canada became a country in 1867 when it was united under the British North America Act. [6] As a result, constitutional monarchies where the monarch has a largely ceremonial role may also be referred to as 'parliamentary monarchies' to differentiate them from semi-constitutional monarchies. After the Second World War, surviving European monarchies almost invariably adopted some variant of the constitutional monarchy model originally developed in Britain. All the advice on this site is general in nature. The British monarch is the head of state and is represented by an appointed governor-general. In some cases, the prime minister is also leader of the legislature, while in other cases the executive branch is clearly separated from legislature (although the entire cabinet or individual ministers must step down in the case of a vote of no confidence). Some of the framers of the U.S. Constitution may have envisioned the president as an elected constitutional monarch, as the term was then understood, following Montesquieu's account of the separation of powers.[20]. Omissions? Two constitutional monarchies Malaysia and Cambodia are elective monarchies, in which the ruler is periodically selected by a small electoral college. The British Monarchy is known as a constitutional monarchy. Norway is a constitutional monarchy whose figurehead leader is the descendant of Harald Fairhair who ruled from 872 CE to 930 CE. In nearly all cases, the monarch is still the nominal chief executive, but is bound by convention to act on the advice of the Cabinet. The act united the provinces of Canada (now Ontario and Quebec), Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick into a single federation. Interestingly, they were a protectorate of Australia up until 1975, and Australia had the British monarch as their head of state. We cite peer reviewed academic articles wherever possible and reference our sources at the end of our articles. Britain became a constitutional monarchy under the Whigs. constitutional monarchy, system of government in which a monarch (see monarchy) shares power with a constitutionally organized government. Islamic republic - a particular form of government adopted by some Muslim states; although such a state is, in theory, a theocracy, it remains a republic, but its laws are required to be compatible with the laws of Islam. Instead, they carry out constitutional, ceremonial and representational duties. Napoleon Bonaparte is considered the first monarch proclaiming himself as an embodiment of the nation, rather than as a divinely appointed ruler; this interpretation of monarchy is germane to continental constitutional monarchies. ); a government subject to religious authority. Generally, the Thai people were reverent of Bhumibol. Constitutional provisions for government are suspended in these states; constitutional forms of government are stated in parentheses. He appears to still wield more power than most figurehead kings, but has on paper ceded much of his power to the elected bodies. As a hangover effect of British imperialism, the monarch is also the figurehead of 14 other nations. All maps, graphics, flags, photos and original descriptions 2023 worldatlas.com. [3], Certain states have been defined as having more than one system of government or a hybrid system for instance, Poland possesses a semi-presidential government where the President appoints the Prime Minister or can veto legislation passed by parliament, but its Constitution defines the country as a parliamentary republic and its ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence.[4][5][6][7][8][9]. A monarchy is a form of government in which total sovereignty is invested in one person, a head of state called a monarch, who holds the position until death or abdication. Jordan is a constitutional monarchy that has been in place since the Arab Spring of 2011. When a monarch does act, political controversy can often ensue, partially because the neutrality of the crown is seen to be compromised in favour of a partisan goal, while some political scientists champion the idea of an "interventionist monarch" as a check against possible illegal action by politicians. Dr. Chris Drew is the founder of the Helpful Professor. It is noteworthy that some scholars in the People's Republic of China claim that the country's system of government is a "semi-presidential system combining party and government in actual operation". The United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms are all constitutional monarchies in the Westminster system of constitutional governance. A mixture of hereditary is practiced in Cambodia, Jordan, Kuwait, Lesotho, Saudi Arabia, Swaziland, and the UAE. Japans monarchy is one of the oldest in the world, dating back to 660 BCE. The British monarch was retained as the head of state and the prime minister was appointed as the head of government. At times, a regent may be the one ruling in case the current monarch is an infant, unavailable, or is incapable of ruling. It was established in 1911. a constitutional crisis or a political deadlock). In these systems, the head of government is usually called the prime minister, chancellor or premier. The prime minister is the leader of the government. Today slightly more than a quarter of constitutional monarchies are Western European countries, including the United Kingdom, Spain, the Netherlands, Belgium, Norway, Denmark, Luxembourg, Monaco, Liechtenstein and Sweden. A 2011 referendum, instigated to show reform following the Arab Spring, curtailed the kings power. In these countries, the prime minister holds the day-to-day powers of governance, while the monarch retains residual (but not always insignificant) powers. In many cases the monarchs, while still at the very top of the political and social hierarchy, were given the status of "servants of the people" to reflect the new, egalitarian position. [note 11]. Anarchy - a condition of lawlessness or political disorder brought about by the absence of governmental authority. Ceremonial constitutional monarchies (informally referred to as crowned republics): Andorra, Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, The Bahamas, Belgium, Belize, Cambodia, Canada, Denmark, Grenada, Jamaica, Japan, Lesotho, Luxembourg, Malaysia, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Solomon Islands, Spain, Sweden, Thailand, Tuvalu and the United Kingdom. The monarchs colors, orange, are also the colors of the nation in sporting events. A constitutional monarchy is a political system headed by a monarch. For a central European nation, it is quite backward politically. 3. The figurehead monarch is Queen Elizabeth II. Among the powers retained by the Thai monarch under the constitution, lse majest protects the image of the monarch and enables him to play a role in politics. The remaining 15 seats are chosen by the emir. [13] Full parliamentary republican systems that do not have a directly elected head of state usually use either an electoral college or a vote in the legislature to appoint the president. The prevalence of absolute monarchies fell sharply after the French Revolution, which gave rise to the principle of popular sovereignty, or government by the people. Fourteen of these maintain the British monarch as their figurehead. Polls show Canadians are split on whether to become a republic, with many believing the British monarch figurehead provides political stability. The figurehead monarch is Queen Elizabeth II who appoints the governor-general as her representative. Of the 193 UN member states, 126 are governed as centralized unitary states, and an additional 40 are regionalized unitary states. Like other Caribbean islands like Jamaica and Saint Lucia, Saint Kitts and Nevis was colonized by the British during the colonial era. However, such powers generally may only be exercised strictly in accordance with either written constitutional principles or unwritten constitutional conventions, rather than any personal political preferences of the sovereign. The president chooses the prime minister and the cabinet without a confidence vote from the parliament, but must have the support of a parliamentary majority for their selection. What does it mean to be a constitutional monarchy? The non-sovereign monarchies of Malaysia, emirates of the United Arab Emirates and kingdoms of Uganda are examples of these. (10 Features & Stereotypes), What do Spanish People Look Like? [10] The sovereign's influence on the choice of prime minister gradually declined over this period. The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (1991); the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings operate by consensus (not by vote) of all consultative parties at annual Treaty meetings; by January 2022, there were 54 treaty member nations: 29 consultative and 25 non-consultative; consultative (decision-making) members include the seven nations that claim portions of Antarctica as national territory (some claims overlap) and 22 non-claimant nations; the US and Russia have reserved the right to make claims; the US does not recognize the claims of others; Antarctica is administered through meetings of the consultative member nations; measures adopted at these meetings are carried out by these member nations (with respect to their own nationals and operations) in accordance with their own national laws; the years in parentheses indicate when a consultative member-nation acceded to the Treaty and when it was accepted as a consultative member, while no date indicates the country was an original 1959 treaty signatory; claimant nations are - Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, NZ, Norway, and the UK; nonclaimant consultative nations are - Belgium, Brazil (1975/1983), Bulgaria (1978/1998), China (1983/1985), Czechia (1962/2014), Ecuador (1987/1990), Finland (1984/1989), Germany (1979/1981), India (1983/1983), Italy (1981/1987), Japan, South Korea (1986/1989), Netherlands (1967/1990), Peru (1981/1989), Poland (1961/1977), Russia, South Africa, Spain (1982/1988), Sweden (1984/1988), Ukraine (1992/2004), Uruguay (1980/1985), and the US; non-consultative members, with year of accession in parentheses, are - Austria (1987), Belarus (2006), Canada (1988), Colombia (1989), Cuba (1984), Denmark (1965), Estonia (2001), Greece (1987), Guatemala (1991), Hungary (1984), Iceland (2015), Kazakhstan (2015), North Korea (1987), Malaysia (2011), Monaco (2008), Mongolia (2015), Pakistan (2012), Papua New Guinea (1981), Portugal (2010), Romania (1971), Slovakia (1962/1993), Slovenia (2019), Switzerland (1990), Turkey (1996), and Venezuela (1999); note - Czechoslovakia acceded to the Treaty in 1962 and separated into the Czech Republic and Slovakia in 1993; Article 1 - area to be used for peaceful purposes only; military activity, such as weapons testing, is prohibited, but military personnel and equipment may be used for scientific research or any other peaceful purpose; Article 2 - freedom of scientific investigation and cooperation shall continue; Article 3 - free exchange of information and personnel, cooperation with the UN and other international agencies; Article 4 - does not recognize, dispute, or establish territorial claims and no new claims shall be asserted while the treaty is in force; Article 5 - prohibits nuclear explosions or disposal of radioactive wastes; Article 6 - includes under the treaty all land and ice shelves south of 60 degrees 00 minutes south and reserves high seas rights; Article 7 - treaty-state observers have free access, including aerial observation, to any area and may inspect all stations, installations, and equipment; advance notice of all expeditions and of the introduction of military personnel must be given; Article 8 - allows for jurisdiction over observers and scientists by their own states; Article 9 - frequent consultative meetings take place among member nations; Article 10 - treaty states will discourage activities by any country in Antarctica that are contrary to the treaty; Article 11 - disputes to be settled peacefully by the parties concerned or, ultimately, by the International Court of Justice; Articles 12, 13, 14 - deal with upholding, interpreting, and amending the treaty among involved nations; other agreements - some 200 measures adopted at treaty consultative meetings and approved by governments; the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty was signed 4 October 1991 and entered into force 14 January 1998; this agreement provides for the protection of the Antarctic environment and includes five annexes that have entered into force: 1) environmental impact assessment, 2) conservation of Antarctic fauna and flora, 3) waste disposal and waste management, 4) prevention of marine pollution, 5) area protection and management; a sixth annex addressing liability arising from environmental emergencies has yet to enter into force; the Protocol prohibits all activities relating to mineral resources except scientific research; a permanent Antarctic Treaty Secretariat was established in 2004 in Buenos Aires, Argentina, parliamentary democracy under a constitutional monarchy; a Commonwealth realm, parliamentary democracy; note - constitutional changes adopted in December 2015 transformed the government to a parliamentary system, parliamentary democracy; part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, federal parliamentary democracyunder a constitutional monarchy; a Commonwealth realm, parliamentary democracyunder a constitutional monarchy; a Commonwealth realm, parliamentary republic; a Commonwealth realm, presidential republic in name, although in fact a dictatorship, federal parliamentary democracy under a constitutional monarchy, parliamentary democracy (National Assembly) under a constitutional monarchy; a Commonwealth realm, Overseas Territory of the UK with limited self-government; parliamentary democracy, federal parliamentary democracy (Parliament of Canada) under a constitutional monarchy; a Commonwealth realm; federal and state authorities and responsibilities regulated in constitution, parliamentary democracy; self-governing overseas territory of the UK, non-self-governing overseas territory of Australia, Republic of Cyprus - presidential republic; self-declared "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus" (TRNC) - parliamentary republic with enhanced presidencynote: a separation of the two main ethnic communities inhabiting the island began following the outbreak of communal strife in 1963; this separation was further solidified when a Greek military-junta-supported coup attempt prompted the Turkish military intervention in July 1974 that gave the Turkish Cypriots de facto control in the north; Greek Cypriots control the only internationally recognized government on the island; on 15 November 1983, then Turkish Cypriot "President" Rauf DENKTAS declared independence and the formation of the "TRNC, which is recognized only by Turkey, parliamentary democracy (Legislative Assembly); self-governing overseas territory of the UK, parliamentary democracy (Faroese Parliament); part of the Kingdom of Denmark, parliamentary democracy (Assembly of French Polynesia); an overseas collectivity of France, parliamentary democracy (Parliament); self-governing overseas territory of the UK, parliamentary democracy (Parliament of Greenland or Inatsisartut), unincorporated organized territory of the US with local self-government; republican form of territorial government with separate executive, legislative, and judicial branches, parliamentary democracy (States of Deliberation), ecclesiastical elective monarchy; self-described as an "absolute monarchy", presidential limited democracy; a special administrative region of the People's Republic of China, parliamentary democracy (Parliament) under a constitutional monarchy; a Commonwealth realm, parliamentary democracy (Assembly of the States of Jersey), dictatorship, single-party state; official state ideology of "Juche" or "national self-reliance", executive-led limited democracy; a special administrative region of the People's Republic of China, federal parliamentary constitutional monarchynote: all Peninsular Malaysian states have hereditary rulers (commonly referred to as sultans) except Melaka (Malacca) and Pulau Pinang (Penang); those two states along with Sabah and Sarawak in East Malaysia have governors appointed by government; powers of state governments are limited by the federal constitution; under terms of federation, Sabah and Sarawak retain certain constitutional prerogatives (e.g., right to maintain their own immigration controls), mixed presidential-parliamentary system in free association with the US, federal republic in free association with the US, parliamentary constitutional monarchy; part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, parliamentary democracy (Territorial Congress); an overseas collectivity of France, non-self-governing overseas territory of Australia; note - the Norfolk Island Regional Council, which began operations 1 July 2016, is responsible for planning and managing a variety of public services, including those funded by the Government of Australia, a commonwealth in political union with and under the sovereignty of the US; republican form of government with separate executive, legislative, and judicial branches, presidential republic in free association with the US, unincorporated organized territory of the US with local self-government; republican form of territorial government with separate executive, legislative, and judicial branches; note - reference Puerto Rican Federal Relations Act, 2 March 1917, as amended by Public Law 600, 3 July 1950, parliamentary democracy (Territorial Council); overseas collectivity of France, federal parliamentary democracy under a constitutional monarchy; a Commonwealth realm, parliamentary democracy under a constitutional monarchy, federal republic (formally a confederation), presidential republic; highly authoritarian regime, parliamentary constitutional monarchy; a Commonwealth realm, presidential republic; highly authoritarian, parliamentary democracy (Territorial Assembly); overseas collectivity of France, Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha, Center for the Study of Intelligence (CSI). A constitutional monarchy is a monarchy that is ruled by a written constitution. Constitutional monarchy may refer to a system in which the monarch acts as a non-party political head of state under the constitution, whether codified or uncodified. Specifically, monarchies in which the monarch's exercise of power is unconstrained by any substantive constitutional law. Malaysia is a federal constitutional monarchy with a Yang di-Pertuan Agong as the figurehead monarch. It is the, 13 Geography Facts That Truly Surprised Us. These are: Other privileges may be nominal or ceremonial (e.g. The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica This article was most recently revised and updated by Amy McKenna. These laws continue to be exercised, providing him with significant protections that regular citizens do not enjoy. The prime minister is the leader of the government and is democratically elected. https://helpfulprofessor.com/constitutional-monarchy-examples/. 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