Tombstones were uprooted and graves violated. [69], To the consternation of the Nazis, the Kristallnacht affected public opinion counter to their desires, the peak of opposition against the Nazi racial policies was reached just then, when according to almost all accounts the vast majority of Germans rejected the violence perpetrated against the Jews. "[37] The Israeli historian Saul Friedlnder believes that Goebbels had personal reasons for wanting to bring about Kristallnacht. Kristallnacht, The Night of Broken Glass, was supposedly a spontaneous outburst on the part of patriotic Germans following the assassination of a German Embassy official in Paris by a 17 year old Polish Jew. As the Jews were taken away, their remaining possessions were seized as loot both by Nazi authorities and by neighbors. But that was a mere pretext, and a lie; the government-organized pogrom had been carefully planned well in advance. "Silence and Outrage: Reassessing the Complex Christian Response to Kristallnacht in English-Speaking Canada. SA and Hitler Youth members across the country shattered the shop windows of an estimated 7,500 Jewish-owned commercial establishments and looted their wares. The event was called Kristallnacht, the "Night of Broken Glass," because of the shattered glass from the store windows that cost over $5 million mark ($1,250,000 in U.S.) the next day 30,000 Jewish men were arrested for the being Jewish and sent to concentration camps. From November 9 to 10, 1938, in an . lesson #6 fire safety and other resident safe, Social Studies American History: Reconstruction to the Present Guided Reading Workbook, Deborah Gray White, Edward L. Ayers, Jess F. de la Teja, Robert D. Schulzinger. Brick-throwing mobs. What were some similarities between racism in Nazi Germany and in the United States, 1920s-1940s? Gather the broken glass while wearing puncture-proof gloves so you do not touch it with your hands. By December 1938, Jews were banned from most public places in Germany. On November 910, 1938, Nazi leaders unleashed a series of pogroms against the Jewish population in Germany and recently incorporated territories. In the fall of 1938, Herschel Grynszpan, a 17-year-old Polish Jew who had been living in France for several years, learned that the Nazis had exiled his parents to Poland from Hanover, Germany, where Herschel had been born and his family had lived for years. "[73] Diarmaid MacCulloch argued that Luther's 1543 pamphlet, On the Jews and Their Lies was a "blueprint" for the Kristallnacht.[74]. Heinrich Himmler wrote, "I suppose that it is Goebbels's megalomaniaand stupidity which is responsible for starting this operation now, in a particularly difficult diplomatic situation. Furthermore, it became illegal for Aryans and Jews to marry or have extramarital intercourse. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1996. The violence included torching synagogues, vandalizing homes, schools, and graveyards, and destroying thousands of businesses. [25] Four thousand were granted entry into Poland, but the remaining 8,000 were forced to stay at the border. Legislation restricted access to public transport. Other Americans called for an increase in the number of immigrants allowed to enter the country. The Kristillnacht, or Night of Broken Glass, marked one of the most truly horrific and gut-wrenching events of World War II - and a harbinger of the satanic . This cat's-eye view introduces the Holocaust to children in a gentle way that can open discussion of this period. The Night of Broken Glass marked a turning point in the Na zi war against the Jews. "[16] Their rights as citizens had been stripped. Though cleansing campaigns for ethnic or religious read more, From November 8 to November 9, 1923, Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) and his followers staged the Beer Hall Putsch in Munich, a failed takeover of the government in Bavaria, a state in southern Germany. "[44], Many Berliners were however deeply ashamed of the pogrom, and some took great personal risks to offer help. Additional support is provided by the Tiger Baron Foundation, Nancy and Morris W. Offit and Josh Weston. On Kristallnacht Nov. 9-10, 1938 Nazi storm troopers and sympathizers raided and destroyed thousands of Jewish homes, shops and synagogues. Label boxes with PI name and room number. Herschel Grynszpan carried a revolver and thoughts of revenge with him as he walked through the streets of Paris . Define genocide. The German government made an immediate pronouncement that the Jews themselves were to blame for the pogrom and imposed a fine of one billion Reichsmark (some 400 million US dollars at 1938 rates) on the German Jewish community. Kristallnacht, also called the "Night of Broken Glass," was the start of a violent campaign launched on German Jewish people by Nazis on November 9, 1938. [5] Rioters destroyed 267 synagogues throughout Germany, Austria and the Sudetenland. The streets were full of people shouting: 'Juden Raus! However, prior to Kristallnacht, these Nazi policies had been primarily nonviolent. These laws resulted in the exclusion and alienation of Jews from German social and political life. Throughout Germany and Austria, Nazi Stormtroopers . The events of Kristallnacht represented one of the most important turning points in National Socialist antisemitic policy. The name Kristallnacht comes from the sight of glass on the streets from the windows of synagogues, Jewish-owned businesses and homes being broken. All Rights Reserved. Kristallnacht: The Night of Broken Glass Survivors and Remembering the Kristallnacht Conception of the Nazis Concentration Camps "Ever and so, the Nazi conceptions of race and the evil Jewish origins of modernity cannot themselves explain the revolutionary idea of time the Nazis. Already living illegally in Paris himself, a desperate Grynszpan apparently sought revenge for his family's precarious circumstances by appearing at the German embassy and shooting the diplomatic official assigned to assist him. But one night in Berlin, the Nazis changed everything. News of Raths death on November 9 reached Adolf Hitler in Munich, Germany, where he was celebrating the anniversary of the abortive 1923 Beer Hall Putsch. According to eyewitness Esther Harris: "They ripped up the belongings, the books, knocked over furniture, shouted obscenities". During the week, he napped in a sunny corner of Mitzi Stein's dress shop and begged scrapped from Moshe the butcher. Don't Let Him Come Back 7. Wednesday marks 84 years since the November pogrom "Kristallnacht" or the Night of Broken Glass. More than 30,000 Jewish men were arrested and imprisoned in Nazi concentration camps; primarily Dachau, Buchenwald, and Sachsenhausen.[42]. After Kristallnacht, conditions for German Jews grew increasingly worse. Heydrich and Himmler were interested in fostering Jewish emigration. Washington, DC 20024-2126 "He wanted it to be known that not all Germans supported Kristallnacht. On February 9, 1939, Senator Robert F. Wagner (D-NY) and Representative Edith Nourse Rogers (R-MA) introduced identical bills into Congress to offer refuge to 20,000 children under 14 from the Greater German Reich. "[75] It discredited pro-Nazi movements in Europe and North America, leading to a sharp decline in their support. Treat yourself with more tender cheese on your crispy chicken." The United States recalled its ambassador (but it did not break off diplomatic relations) while other governments severed diplomatic relations with Germany in protest. Click the card to flip . [28] Their seventeen-year-old son Herschel was living in Paris with an uncle. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. In this view, it is not only described as a pogrom, it is also described as a critical stage within a process in which each step becomes the seed of the next step. ", Jantzen, Kyle, and Jonathan Durance. . After Kristallnacht, the Nazi regime made Jewish survival in Germany impossible. "Night of Broken Glass" is an original, inspirational, inclusive and collaborative musical theatre production commemorating the 80th anniversary of Kristallnacht as seen through the eyes of Indigenous human rights activist, William Cooper. For 48 terrifying hours, riotersdestroyed hundreds of synagogues, desecrated Jewish cemeteries,ransacked,and looted some 7,500 Jewish businesses. The event was widely covered in the international press and the Nazi-coordinated attacks on Jews sent . How did leaders, diplomats, and citizens around the world respond to the events of the Holocaust? New York: Berg, 1991. The legislation made further strides in removing Jews from public life. The Reich government confiscated all insurance payouts to Jews whose businesses and homes were looted or destroyed, leaving the Jewish owners personally responsible for the cost of all repairs. These are not to be interfered with. Rather, the police were to arrest the victims. Many of these laws enforced Aryanization policythe transfer of Jewish-owned enterprises and property to Aryan ownership, usually for a fraction of their true value. November 1938: From "Reichskristallnacht" To Genocide. Holocaust Memorial Museum. The violence was instigated primarily by Nazi Party officials and members of the SA (Sturmabteilung: commonly known as Storm Troopers) and Hitler Youth. read more, Herschel Grynszpan carried a revolver and thoughts of revenge with him as he walked through the streets of Paris on the morning of November 7, 1938. He gave the orders on Kristallnacht. "[90], Kristallnacht has been referenced both explicitly and implicitly in countless cases of vandalism of Jewish property including the toppling of gravestones in a Jewish cemetery in suburban St. Louis, Missouri,[91] and the two 2017 vandalisms of the New England Holocaust Memorial, as the memorial's founder Steve Ross discusses in his book, From Broken Glass: My Story of Finding Hope in Hitler's Death Camps to Inspire a New Generation. BOONE, N.C. Join the Center for Judaic, Holocaust, and Peace Studies; Hillel; AEPi and Diversity and Inclusion for a series of events on Kristallnacht, The Night of Broken Glass (9 November 1938). Standard 7 Vocabulary. "[26] Conditions in the refugee camps "were so bad that some actually tried to escape back into Germany and were shot", recalled a British woman who was sent to help those who had been expelled.[27]. Facing economic, social, and political oppression, thousands of German Jews wanted to flee the Third Reich but found few countries willing to accept them. [30] However, he also argued that the anti-Semitic laws were "necessary" to allow the Volksgemeinschaft to flourish. November 1938 | ZbE", "The deportation of Regensburg Jews to Dachau concentration camp", "Kristallnacht remnants unearthed near Berlin", "NEW CAMPAIGN AGAINST JEWS NAZI OUTBREAKS", http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2013/11/8/1383904706426/goebbels-001.jpg, Reformation: Europe's House Divided, 1490-1700, "Telegram protesting against the persecution of Jews in Germany", "Post-War Justice Sites of the Novemberpogrom 1938 in Innsbruck", "Millionaire Apologizes for Comparing Progressives to Nazis, Says His Watch Is Worth a '6-Pack of Rolexes', "Tom Perkins: Billionaire venture capitalist ridiculed after writing letter comparing the treatment of rich Americans to the Holocaust", "Tom Perkins Responds To Nazi Germany And 1 Percent Criticism, Says Kristallnacht Was 'Terrible Word To Have Chosen', "St. Louis Jewish cemetery rededicated after gravestones toppled by vandals - Diaspora - Jerusalem Post", "Holocaust Memorial in Boston damaged for second time this summer - The Boston Globe", "Finance minister slams Judenboykott, Kristallnacht re-enaction against Muslims in Sri Lanka", "Schwarzenegger compares Capitol mob violence to Kristallnacht destruction by Nazis in viral video", "Schwarzenegger rebukes Trump and compares Capitol riot to Kristallnacht", "KFC apologises after German Kristallnacht promotion", "Interview with Miriam Ron, Witness to the Events of Kristallnacht", "The Eleanor Roosevelt Papers Kristallnacht", "Kristallnacht: A Nationwide Pogrom, November 910, 1938", "Kristallnacht: The November 1938 Pogroms", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kristallnacht&oldid=1142342439, Durance, Jonathan. Leadership support for Exploring Hate is provided by the Sylvia A. and Simon B. Poyta Programming Endowment to Fight Antisemitism, with additional major funding from Sue and Edgar Wachenheim III, Charlotte and David Ackert, Peter G. Peterson and Joan Ganz Cooney, and Patti Askwith Kenner. The violence continued during the day of November 10, and in some places acts of violence . [72] The Catholic leadership however, just as the various Protestant churches, refrained from responding with organised action. However, due to the lack of interest and customer loyalty to Jews ' businesses, the boycott failed. In this lesson, students will continue this unit's historical case study by learning about a major escalation of the Nazi campaign against Jews, the violent pogroms of Kristallnacht on November 9-10, 1938. The German band BAP published a song titled "Kristallnaach" in their Cologne dialect, dealing with the emotions engendered by the Kristallnacht. We would like to thank Crown Family Philanthropies and the Abe and Ida Cooper Foundation for supporting the ongoing work to create content and resources for the Holocaust Encyclopedia. Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels delivered the speech, in his place, and said that "the Fhrer has decided that demonstrations should not be prepared or organized by the party, but insofar as they erupt spontaneously, they are not to be hampered. On this day, on 9 November 1938, commenced 48-hours of 'Kristallnacht', also known as 'The night of broken glass' or 'November Progroms'. As a result, many Jews began to plan an escape from their native land. The Daily Telegraph correspondent, Hugh Greene, wrote of events in Berlin: "Mob law ruled in Berlin throughout the afternoon and evening and hordes of hooligans indulged in an orgy of destruction. https://www.britannica.com/event/Kristallnacht, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum - Holocaust Encyclopedia - Kristallnacht, Kristallnacht - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). Documenting Numbers of Victims of the Holocaust and Nazi Persecution. Using the pretext of the assassination of a German diplomat in Paris, Goebbels urged Storm Troopers . Between November 9 and 10, 1938, the pogrom now known as Kristallnacht resulted in the destruction of over 7,500 Jewish businesses, 1,000 synagogues, and any sense of security Jewish people in Germany and its read more, When Ernst vom Rath went to work on the morning of November 7, 1938, he had no idea he would soon be mortally woundedor that his death would serve as the excuse for a two-day terror attack on German Jews. Members of many units wore civilian clothes to support the fiction that the disturbances were expressions of 'outraged public reaction.'. [20] Some historians believe that the Nazi government had been contemplating a planned outbreak of violence against the Jews and were waiting for an appropriate provocation; there is evidence of this planning dating back to 1937. Lachie_Caucasian. After the pogrom ended, it was given an oddly poetic name: Kristallnachtmeaning crystal night or night of broken glass. This name symbolized the final shattering of Jewish existence in Germany. They found themselves stranded in a refugee camp near the town of Zbaszyn in the border region between Poland and Germany. McCullough, Colin, and Nathan Wilson, eds. How did the conquest and creation of an empire exemplify the central values of Mexican society? [18] Many sought asylum abroad; hundreds of thousands emigrated, but as Chaim Weizmann wrote in 1936, "The world seemed to be divided into two partsthose places where the Jews could not live and those where they could not enter. After intense discussions, Hitler left the assembly abruptly without giving his usual address. A Nationwide Pogrom. They were to intervene only if a fire threatened adjacent Aryan properties. Shortly before Kristallnacht, U.S. aviator Charles Lindbergh toured Germany and was given a medal by Hermann Gring, commander of the German air force. In the weeks that followed, the German government promulgated dozens of laws and decrees designed to deprive Jews of their property and of their means of livelihood. [60] Goebbels met the foreign press in the afternoon of 11 November and said that the burning of synagogues and damage to Jewish owned property had been "spontaneous manifestations of indignation against the murder of Herr Vom Rath by the young Jew Grynsban [sic]". The Nuremberg Laws, passed in September 1935, decreed that only Aryans could be full German citizens. Hear the fear in this night. To accommodate so many new prisoners, the concentration camps at Dachau, Buchenwald, and Sachsenhausen were expanded. Your boots are brown. The night of broken glass A Jewish refugee's assassination of a German official in Paris in 1938 sparked the German attack on Jews known as Kristallnacht Wed 9 Sep 2009 07.05 EDT Kristallnacht:. Grynszpan's parents and the other expelled Polish Jews were initially denied entry into their native Poland. [34], Ernst vom Rath died of his wounds on 9 November 1938. ANS WE R: Na z i s a nd c ol l a bora t ors l a unc he d t he fi rs t na t i onwi de vi ol e nc e a ga i ns t Ge rm a ny's J e ws , de s t royi ng hundre ds of s yna gogue s a nd l oot i ng m ore t ha n 7,000 bus i ne s s e s . Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. On the night of Nov. 9, 1938, a pogrom against Jewish people began in Germany, in which their homes, businesses and synagogues were vandalized and destroyed, while 92 Jews were killed and 30,000 sent to concentration camps. On the night of November 9, 1938, violent Nazi mobs viciously attacked the Jews and Jewish communities of Germany, Austria, and the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia. Moreover, the passivity with which most German civilians responded to the violence signaled to the Nazi regime that the German public was prepared for more radical measures. (The title is a reference to Arnold Schoenberg's 1899 work "Verklrte Nacht" that presaged his pioneering work on atonal music; Schoenberg was an Austrian Jew who would move to the United States to escape the Nazis). In the ten months following Kristallnacht, more than 115,000 Jews emigrated from the Reich. View the list of all donors. [6] Over 7,000 Jewish businesses were damaged or destroyed,[7][8] and 30,000 Jewish men were arrested and incarcerated in concentration camps. After Kristallnacht, Lindbergh declined to return the medal. Use any sturdy box as long as it will not weigh more than 25 pounds when full. Nearly 100 Jews were killed during Kristallnacht and 30,000 Jewish men were arrested and sent to concentration . It's So Useless 9. Enter the lesson word most nearly the opposite of the boldfaced word or words. According to Eugene Davidson the reason for this was that Hitler wished to avoid being directly connected to an event that he was aware that many of those present condemned, regardless of Goebbels's unconvincing explanation that Kristallnacht was caused by popular wrath. They were involved in the destruction on Kristallnacht. A newspaper in Britain described the last move, which cut off the Jewish populace from their leaders, as "intended to disrupt the Jewish community and rob it of the last frail ties which hold it together. ("Jews out, out to Palestine!"). [67] In 1939 this was extended to a prohibition on reporting any anti-Jewish measures. Police records of the period also document a high number of rapes and of suicides in the aftermath of the violence. Sir Kristian Goldmund Aumann. Kristallnacht, literally, "Night of Crystal," is often referred to as the "Night of Broken Glass."The name refers to the wave of violent anti-Jewish pogroms which took place on November 9 and 10, 1938. Ensuing legislation barred Jews, already ineligible for employment in the public sector, from practicing most professions in the private sector. Among other things, Hitlers Nazi Party, which espoused extreme German nationalism and anti-Semitism, commanded that all Jewish businesses be boycotted and all Jews be dismissed from civil service posts. This massive campaign of anti-Jewish violence is known as Kristallnacht, meaning "Crystal Night" in German. [80] Prior to this large-scale and organized violence against the Jews, the Nazi's primary objective was to eject them from Germany, leaving their wealth behind. German education officials expelled Jewish children still attending German schools. Why were the Alien and Sedition Acts controversial? Kristallnacht: Prelude to Destruction. One such administrator was Breckinridge Long, who was responsible for carrying out policies relating to immigration. ", This page was last edited on 1 March 2023, at 21:52. No other story about the persecution of the Jews received such widespread and sustained attention from the American press at any other time during the Nazi era. [53] The majority went to other European countries, the U.S. and Mandatory Palestine, and at least 14,000 made it to Shanghai, China. Mass arrests. How did Hitler attempt to accomplish In the aftermath of Kristallnacht, the Nazi regime ordered the Jewish community to pay a 1 billion Reichsmark atonement tax and rapidly enacted many anti-Jewish laws and edicts. In its aftermath, German officials announced that Kristallnacht had erupted as a spontaneous outburst of public sentiment in response to the assassination of Ernst vom Rath. The Nazi Party leadership, assembled in Munich for the commemoration, chose to use the occasion as a pretext to launch a night of antisemitic excesses. [72] Nevertheless, individuals continued to show courage, for example, a parson paid the medical bills of a Jewish cancer patient and was sentenced to a large fine and several months in prison in 1941, Reformed Church pastor Paul Schneider placed a Nazi sympathizer under church discipline and he was subsequently sent to Buchenwald where he was murdered. [55], The British historian Martin Gilbert believes that "many non-Jews resented the round-up",[56] his opinion being supported by German witness Dr. Arthur Flehinger who recalls seeing "people crying while watching from behind their curtains". But another event Kristallnacht, the "Night of Broken Glass" on Nov. 9-10, 1938, which preceded the ghettos, deportations and gas chambers, is still seared into the collective Jewish . Updates? Although the violence was orchestrated at the highest levels, the Nazis called it a spontaneous reaction to the assassination of a low-level German diplomat in Paris. Anti-Jewish legislation in pre-war Nazi Germany, Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service, More than 30,000 Jewish men were arrested, murderous pogroms incited by Imperial Russia, Beth Shalom National Holocaust Centre and Museum. American newspapers across the country covered the Nazi assault on Jews in front-page, banner headlines, and articles about the events continued to appear for several weeks. The pogrom proved especially destructive in Berlin and Vienna, home to the two largest Jewish communities in the German Reich. [3] The name Kristallnacht (literally 'Crystal Night') comes from the shards of broken glass that littered the streets after the windows of Jewish-owned stores, buildings and synagogues were smashed. ", [caption=49cbef24-2268-408a-bac0-6273c9cdadea] - [credit=49cbef24-2268-408a-bac0-6273c9cdadea], Goebbels' words appear to have been taken as a command for unleashing the violence. About 30,000 Jewish men were arrested and deported to concentration camps in the German Reich in the immediate aftermath after Kristallnacht, the night of the Broken Glass, in November 1938. Most did obtain release over the next three months on the condition that they begin the process of emigration from Germany. The Nazi regime expanded and radicalized measures aimed at removing Jews entirely from German economic and social life in the forthcoming years. 100 Raoul Wallenberg Place, SW (ed. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Library bibliography: Kristallnacht, Teaching Materials on the Roles of Individuals, Holocaust Survivors and Victims Resource Center. Declined to return the medal, Jewish-owned businesses and homes being broken a German diplomat in Paris Goebbels... 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