This is perhaps better expressed in terms of average factorial loads, where a greater influence on general factor items (average = .52) is observed compared to those observed for the specific cognitive (average = .26), affective (average = .23) and somatic (average = .24) factors. Dictionary . The nine items of the PHQ-9 are based directly on the nine diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder in the DSM-IV. This research was supported by the National Fund for Innovation and Scientific and Technological Development (FONDOCYT) of the Dominican Republic, for this reason we thank you. Crossref. EMDR therapy following the 9/11 terrorist attacks: A community-based intervention project in New York City. Cross-cultural examination of measurement invariance of the Beck Depression Inventory-II. The measure has been found to be useful in detecting change in treatment-outcome studies. While the Beck Depression Inventory is one of the most widely used inventories for measuring symptoms of depression, there are both pros and cons to this method of diagnosis. Sprinkle et al. Current address: Escuela de Psicologa, Pontifica Universidad Catlica Madre y Maestra, Santiago de los Caballeros, Repblica Dominicana. As an additional criterion, the value was divided by the degrees of freedom (/df), with the aim of obtaining values lower than 3 in order to consider the model a good fit [50,51]. Confirmatory factor analyses with adolescent psychiatric inpatients (Osman et al., 2004) identified a 2-factor solution as the most parsimonious and interpretable. The present review will only consider those investigations which are primarily concerned with the validity or the . Description of the Test and History III. BDI assesses key symptoms of depression including mood, pessimism, sense of failure, self-dissatisfaction, guilt, punishment, self-dislike, self-accusation . Osman, A., Kopper, B.A., Guttierez, P.M., Barrios, F., & Bagge, C.L. Several factor structure models, including one-factor, two-factor, three-factor and bifactor models were tested with the purport to determine the optimal factor structure. The BDI was designed to measure the severity of depression, as well as to serve as a tool for screening for depression. 2013;35(4):416-431. doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2012-1048, Lee EH, Lee SJ, Hwang ST, Hong SH, Kim JH. In contrast, all the corresponding bifactor models fitted well to the data. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that a bifactor model with a general depression factor and three specific factors consisting of cognitive, affective and somatic showed the best fit to the data. Once the activity was completed, a focus group was used to enable individuals to share their appreciations concerning items, response format, instructions, and to check for discrepancies in the interpretation or meanings. The validity of the Beck Depression Inventory-Short Form as a screening and diagnostic instrument for moderate and severe depression in medical inpatients. The Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) measures and assesses the intensity of physical and cognitive anxiety symptoms during the past month. Carmody (2005) examined the psychometrics of the BDI-II with a diverse group of college students. Lindsay, William R.; Skene, Danielle D. 2007-01-01. The authors suggested that the measures not be used interchangeably since they may be assessing different aspects of depression. This finding differs from common findings indicating that the affective factor should be subsumed by the cognitive [17,18,58] or the somatic factor [5,10,59,60]. Depression InventoryII (BDIII) [5]. However, 30% of bilingual participants would be placed in a different depressive category depending on whether their Spanish or English scores are used. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 7. Since the test construction in 1961, the test has been employed in numerous (more than 2,000) empirical studies. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 26(4), 446-462. Journal of Personality Assessment, 78, 451-460. It was also found that the therapy was more successful than drug therapy and had a lower relapse rate, supporting the proposition that depression has a cognitive basis. Psychol Assess. They also reported good internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and convergent validity. Steer, R.A., Kumar, G., Ranieri, W.F., & Beck, A.T. (1998). The Self-report study based on the symptoms described by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) [6], which makes measuring depressive severity possible. They found a sensitivity of .85 and specificity of .83, as well as the positive and negative predictive power listed above. The mean age was 27.07 (SD = 11.18). Beck Depression Inventory 2nd edition (BDI-II) is one of the most commonly used instruments in research and practice to measure the presence and severity of Feelings like guilt, loneliness, and fear can make a serious impact on a person's ability to feel hopeful and happy. The Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), created by Aaron T. Beck, MD, and colleagues, is a 21-item multiple-choice self-report inventory that measures the severity of an anxiety in adults and adolescents. Krefetz, D.G., Steer, R.A., Gulab, N.A., & Beck, A.T. (2002). (2004). He found similar psychometrics for the non-clinical sample, but results of his confirmatory factor analysis suggested that a 3-factor model, comprised of negative attitude, performance difficulty, and somatic dimensions, provided a better fit than the traditional 2-factor model. Penley, Wiebe, & Nwosu (2003) examined the psychometrics of the Spanish translation of the BDI II in a sample of predominantly Hispanic adults undergoing medical treatment for hemodialysis, many of whom were of lower SES. (2003). here. The majority of studies conducted with adolescents have been predominantly Caucasian and have not included large numbers of individuals of lower socio-economic status. The first revision occurred in 1979, also popularized as BDI-I A, differs from the . (This is a sampling of the literature in this area. Storch, E.A., Roberti, J.W., & Roth, D.A. (2005) factor analyzed data from a low-income African American outpatient sample. Osman, Kopper, Guttierez, Barrios, & Bagge (2004) studied the content validity of the BDI-II by having 10 experts rate the relevance and specificity of items for DSM-IV Major Depressive Disorders. An inventory for measuring depression. Silver, S.M., Rogers, S., Knipe, J., & Colelli, G. (2005). The BDI includes 21 items, each of which corresponds to a symptom of depression. Benefits. Addressing this issue may have not only practical implications (i.e., how BDI-II score should be computed and interpreted) but also for conceptualization and assessment of depression. Cardemil, E.V., Kim, S., Pinedo, T.M., & Miller, I.W. Leigh & Tolbert (2001) examined the reliability of the BDI-II with deaf college students and found good internal consistency (alpha=.88), split-half reliability (.76), and one-week test-retest reliability (.77). Eaton WW, Neufeld K, Chen LS, Cai G. A comparison of self-report and clinical diagnostic interviews for depression: diagnostic interview schedule and schedules for clinical assessment in neuropsychiatry in the Baltimore epidemiologic catchment area follow-up. Practical implications are discussed and suggestions for further research are also made. In summary, although factorial data suggests that bifactor models outperform multidimensional modelsregardless of the number of specific factorsfindings are not conclusive [36,37,38]. Google Scholar. Bifactor models, in contrast, allow to examine a non-hierarchical general factor independently of the specific factors and to simultaneously test the extent to which the common variance between items are explained by the orthogonal general factor and by the specific factors that are tested [32]. Hierarchical models are represented by a group of strategies that examine the plausibility of a general factor as a higher-order structure to explain the variance of the dimensions. The BDI can be used, but is not limited to, persons with stroke. Second, we focused in the analysis of the latent structure of BDI-II, which is just one element of construct validity among several others [62]. The Pros And Cons Of Gay And Lesbians. Its content validity is ensured because most of its items are equivalent to the DSM-IV criteria for depression. They reported that BDI-II scores were negatively correlated to SES and acculturation and positively correlated with disease severity. For example, Byrne et al. Furlanetto, L.M., Mendlowicz, M.V., & Bueno, J.R. (2005). Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain, Affiliation Discover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high-quality journal. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a 21-item, self-rated scale that evaluates key symptoms of depression including mood, pessimism, sense of failure, self-dissatisfaction, guilt, punishment, self-dislike, self-accusation, suicidal ideas, crying, irritability, social withdrawal, indecisiveness, body image change, work difficulty, insomnia, fatigability, loss of . Interpretation is based on raw scores only. The test has its advantages and disadvantages. For example: When the test is scored, a value of 0 to 3 is assigned for each answer and then the total score is compared to a key to determine the depressions severity. The BDI-II is widely used as an indicator of the severity of depression, but not as a diagnostic tool, and numerous studies provide evidence for its reliability and validity across different populations and cultural groups. Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of "Therapy in Focus: What to Expect from CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder" and "7 Weeks to Reduce Anxiety.". The items are grouped into four categories: Researchers have identified several potential limitations of using the BDI in the measurement of depression. The authors claimed that only two of the first-order factors, Cognitive and Somatic-Affective, were generalizable. (2004). For more mental health resources, see our National Helpline Database. Content is reviewed before publication and upon substantial updates. Journal of Affective Disorders, 82, 315-320. The total score (ranging . 1996). Download full paper File format: .doc, available for editing. Lack of unidimensionality and longitudinal measurement invariance in four common rating scales of depression. Archives of general psychiatry, 4(6), 561-571. Although the measure can be used for adolescents, the norms were gathered with adults. Is There a Link Between Diabetes and Depression? Motta, R.W., Newman, C.L., Lombardo, K.L., & Silverman, M.A. However, comparison of its structure across countries and languages remains understudied. Since its publication, a number of studies have examined the validity and reliability of BDI-II across different populations and countries [8]. 2015;27(1):68-81. doi:10.1037/pas0000026, Wang YP, Gorenstein C. Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory-II: a comprehensive review. Eidhin, M.N., Sheehy, N., OSullivan, M., & McLeavey, B. The BDI-II is a widely used 21-item self-report inventory measuring the severity of depression in adolescents and adults. The purpose of the present study was twofold: (a) to examine the latent structure of BDI-II by testing several competing models proposed in the literature; and (b) to provide evidence of validity and reliability of the BDI-II in Republic Dominican. (2005). Description. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI, BDI-1A, BDI-II), created by Aaron T. Beck, is a 21-question multiple-choice self-report inventory, one of the most widely used psychometric tests for measuring the severity of depression.Its development marked a shift among mental health professionals, who had until then, viewed depression from a psychodynamic perspective, instead of it being rooted in the . No, Is the Subject Area "Psychometrics" applicable to this article? A psychometric evaluation of the Beck Depression Inventory-II. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199750.t003. 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